Benthams version of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Benthams version of Utilitarianism EssayUtilitarianism is the ethical theory that shows the reasons for a person choosing to expect go forth an action it justifies an action being for the greater good. Utilitarianism is a teleological theory which means it looks at the consequences or result of an action to decide whether it is later business or wrong this similarly makes it a consequentialist theory. The theory of Utilitarianism began with Jeremy Bentham.Benthams theory of Utilitarianism is where actions are judged based upon the delectation gained in the result. Jeremy Bentham was the man who originally thought of and came up with the idea of Utilitarianism, he believed in the greatest good for the greatest number. There are two types of Utilitarianism Benthams theory is Act Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism is ab disclose creating the greatest come of frolic in a particular situation through a particular action.Bentham believed and workd research to conclude that people would naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain. Nature had placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them al atomic number 53 to shoot out what we ought to do as substantially as to determine what we shall do. (Bentham) Bentham truly believed that pleasure was the purest form of good and pain the sole evil he saw this as moral fact. This is why Bentham is withal known as a hedonist. The hedonists were a grouping of Greek people who sought to find true pleasure hed peerless means pleasure in Greek, this group included people such as Plato and Aristotle who agreed that good was found in the greatest happiness.The principle of utility was a way to find out how good or bad an action was, based on its utility (usefulness). An action that creates the most pleasure and the least pain is a useful one and therefore it is good pain v pleasure. For Bentham good, is the maximum heart of pleasure with the minimum amount of pain afflict ed and bad, is pain with little pleasure received. Bentham believed that in both situation a person should think of a solution that will lead to the maximum happiness for the maximum of people.For example, if a man with the redress for cancer and a young child were in a car crash, you would assume to let off the life of the child as they are considered to be innocent, so far with Benthams theory you should do the maximum amount of good for the maximum amount of people, which means you should save the man. By saving the one man you then save thousands, the action of letting the child die is out mattered by the amount of people you have saved if using Benthams theory. heretofore Bentham knew that it would be hard to anticipate the outcome of ein truth situation and know which route to take and so in order to help, he came up with the hedonic calculus which you can use to work out which option will produce the greatest amount of pleasure. There are seven factors which you must ta ke into account when choosing what to do in a certain situation the intensity of the pleasure, the duration of the pleasure, how certain pleasure will be the result, how near the pleasure is to you, how continuous is the pleasure, is there likely to be pain mixed with the pleasure and how widespread will the pleasure be.When faced in a dilemma, Bentham believed that you could chose the good option the option which would do the most amount of good and the least amount of pain. For example, if you are in a plane crash and you could only save one person your wife, your child or a doctor who has the ability to save many. Bentham believes in this situation you must use the hedonic calculus to form a solution to your problem. The doctor could make thousands of lives unwrap and create much more pleasure than if you save the wife or child, however this tough decision would leave you without pleasure. Following Benthams utilitarianism you must save the doctor.When a decision has to be made over a moral situation, the hedonic calculus is used. In using the hedonic calculus the individuals involved should be considered by applying the seven factors to them in relation to the options for the choice of action you have.Utilitarianism has no serious weakness DiscussIt is true that Utilitarianism does have many strengths however it does have weaknesses too. Bentham, Mill, rabbit and Singers theories each have their own faults.Utilitarianism is very straight forward and easy to fancy. It is very natural for a person to consider the outcome and how much pleasure they will gain before going through with an action. It is a principle that aims to bring people happiness this is very appealing for many in societies. umpteen of the ideas and theories can be related to specific actions and situations and therefore can be helped out in the process of considering what to do in certain places, for example fully grown to charity make waters happiness to the poor and is good whereas acting cruelly towards someone is bad.The use of Utilitarianism can be carried out universally. Utilitarianism is not dependant on any religion, culture, race or society as it is about a person or groups happiness. This use of utilitarianism is great because it makes people picture and understand other peoples point of view for example if you were to hit someone then instead of carrying out the action, you would think about the outcome picture yourself in the other persons shoes understand that pain which you would cause and subsequently stop yourself from hurting them. You have to think of other peoples pleasure and pain rather than just your own. This is mainly used in preference utilitarianism as Hare put it standing in someone elses shoes.The fact that Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory is both good and bad. It is natural for us to weigh up the consequences of an action before carrying it out however it is never going to be easy to always predict the outcome of an act ion completely right for example if you go out to steal to help your family survive but then get caught and arrested then you can no longer carry out the good action of helping your family.Utilitarianism may also be argued against because it ignores or seems to ignore the importance of following duties the act itself may be right or wrong for a reason other than the amount of happiness it produces, for example an old friend is on his death bed and asks you to swear that you will give 30,000 (all of his money when he dies) to his favourite park he used to visit but on the way to handing over the money you see an advert that says it necessarily 30,000 to save 10,000 people. Out of duty you must give the money to the park however if you are following Utilitarianism your belief is that the money must going into creating the most good/ happiness which would be saving those 10,000 people. W.D Ross believed it was important for you to follow and carry out your duty.Benthams Act utilitari anism although was flexible and relied on the consequences it had no defence for minorities for example one slave being treated badly but creating happiness for a whole family would be thought of as right. Also it is very impractical having to shoot for using the hedonic calculus every decision we make. There is also a difficulty defining what pleasure is for example a paedophiles pleasure is very different to another persons. Mills Rule utilitarianism is very practical and sets about certain rules for society that must be maintained which can help societies to operate. However there are weaknesses to rule utilitarianism too again there is no defence for minorities or any help at what defines happiness but also this time if you are following rules you could end up obeying them even when more happiness can be created by disobeying them.

The Nine Types of Intelligence Essay Example for Free

The Nine Types of cognition Essay1. Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart)Designates the human force to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as sanitary as sensitivity to former(a) features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). This energy was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, ga therers, and farmers it continues to be exchange in such roles as botanist or chef. It is overly speculated that much of our consumer society exploits the naturalist eruditions, which can be mobilized in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds of makeup, and the like. 2. Musical Intelligence (Musical Smart)Musical intelligence activity is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners. Interestingly, there is oft an affective connection between music and the emoti ons and mathematical and musical intelligences may sh atomic number 18 common thinking processes. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or drumming to themselves. They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart)Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and deliver fall out complete mathematical operations. It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to intent abstract, symbolic thought sequential reasoning skills and inductive and deductive thinking patterns. Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives. Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, dodge games and experiments.4. Existential IntelligenceSensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about h uman existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.5. social Intelligence (People Smart)Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives. Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at communicating, and front to understand others feelings and motives.6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mindbody union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.7. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in voice communication and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence allows us to understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of language. Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective unrestricted speakers. Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart)Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and ones thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directioning ones life. Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the human condition. It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philo sophers. These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-motivated.9. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free period drawing or daydreaming. terzetto Aspects of IntelligenceAccording to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence. Analytical intelligence is twisting when the components of intelligence are applied to analyze, evaluate, judge, or compare and contrast. It typically is involved in dealing with comparatively familiar kinds of problems where the judgments to be made are of a fairly abstract nature. In one study, an attempt was made to fall upon the information-processing components employ to solve analogies such as A is to B as C is to D1, D2, D3, D4 (e.g., lawyer is to client as doctor is to a nurse, b medicine, c patient, d MD). There is an encode component, which is employ to figure out what each word (e.g., lawyer) means, while the inference component is used to figure out the relation between lawyer and client.Research on the components of human intelligence has shown that although children generally become faster in information processing with age, not all components are executed more rapidly with age. The encoding component first shows a decrease in processing time with age, and then an increase. Apparently, older children realize that their best strategy is to spend more time in encoding the terms of a problem so that they ulterior will be able to spend less time in devising sense of these encodings. Similarly, conk out reasoners tend to spend relatively more time than do poorer reasoners in global, up-front metacomponential planning when they solve difficult reasoning problems.Poorer reasoners, on the other hand, tend to spend relatively more time in detailed planning as they proceed through a problem. Presumably, the better reasoners recognize that it is better to invest more time up front so as to be able to process a problem more efficiently later on. Creative intelligence. In work with creativeintelligence problems, Robert Sternberg and Todd Lubart asked sixty-three people to create various kinds of products in the realms of writing, art, advertising, and science. For example, in writing, they would be asked to write very short stories, for which the investigators would give them a choice of titles, such as Beyond the Edge or The Octopuss Sneakers.In art, the participants were asked to produce art compositions with titles such as The Beginning of Time or estate from an Insects Point of View. Participants created two products in each domain. Sternberg and Lubart found that creativity is relatively, although not wholly, domain-specific. In other words, people are frequently creative in just about domains, but not in others. They also found that correlations with conventional ability tests were modest to moderate, demonstrating that tests of creative intelligence measure skills that are largely different from those mensurable by conventional intelligence tests.Practical intelligence. Practical intelligence involves individuals applying their abilities to the kinds of problems that confront them in daily life, such as on the job or in the home. Much of the work of Sternberg and his colleagues on practical intelligence has centered on the concept of tacit knowledge. They have defined this construct as what one unavoidably to know, which is often not even verbalized, in order to work effectively in an environment one has not been explicitly taught to work inand that is often not even verbalized. S ternberg and colleagues have measured tacit knowledge using work-related problems one might encounter in a variety of jobs. In a typical tacit-knowledge problem, people are asked to read a story about a problem someone faces, and to then rate, for each statement in a set of statements, how adequate a solution the statement represents. For example, in a measure of tacit knowledge of sales, one of the problems deals with sales of photocopy machines.A relatively inexpensive machine is not moving out of the showroom and has become overstocked. The examinee is asked to rate the quality of various solutions for moving the particular model out of the showroom. Sternberg and his colleagues have found that practical intelligence, as embodied in tacit knowledge, increases with experience, but that it is how one profits, or learns, from experience, rather than experience per se, that results in increases in scores. or so people can work at a job for years and acquire relatively little tacit k nowledge. Most importantly, although tests of tacit knowledge typically show no correlation with IQ tests, they predict job performance about as well as, and sometimes better than, IQ tests. In a study in Usenge, Kenya, Sternberg and colleagues were interested in school-age childrens ability to adapt to their indigenous environment.They devised a test of practical intelligence for adaptation to the environment that measured childrens versed tacit knowledge of natural herbal medicines that the villagers used to fight various types of infections. The researchers found generally negative correlations between the test of practical intelligence and tests of donnish intelligence and school achievement. In other words, people in this context often emphasize practical knowledge at the expense of academic skills in their childrens development.In another study, analytical, creative, and practical tests were used to predict mental and physical health among Russian adults. Mental health was m easured by widely used paper-and-pencil tests of depression and anxiety, while physical health was measured by self-report. The best predictor of mental and physical health was the practical-intelligence measure, with analytical intelligence being the second best measure and creative intelligence being the third.

Leadership Management and Motivation in Organisation

leading Management and Motivation in OrganisationAs the century unfolds, in the raw realities are becoming disentangleer. new models of Leadership and Management are blossoming, some with unfounded success. For instance, focusing on spurting break-dance as teams and empowering those closest to the customers to substantiate important decisions have led to great accomplishments (Kurtzman, 2010).Management is often referred to words like efficiency, planning, paperwork, procedures, regulations, control, and consistency whereas Leadership is often associated with words like vision, creativity and risk-taking (Yukl, 2005). It has in addition been said that management is basic everyy a control-laden activity whereas leaders is basically a value-choosing, and thus a value-laden activity (Bass et al., 1990).Overall Management is defined as The organizational touch on that includes strategic planning, lapting objectives, managing resources, deploying the benevolent and financial as sets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results (Burgoyne, 1989).Leadership is defined as A process in which leader and followers interact in a way that enables the leader to influence the actions of the followers in a non-coercive way, towards the achievement of certain aims or objectives (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002)In Kotters (1996) view Management relates to planning, controlling and organising whereas leadership relates to visioning, net on the job(p), creating, coping with change and building relationship. Leadership is often considered grander, more lucrative and admirable, in a word better, than the less(prenominal) visible, fundamentally based, management (Hughes et al., 2009). The relationship between management and leadership is summarised in Appendix 1.From this we back end argue are managers leaders or vice versa. As Zaleznik (1977) claims that in a bureaucratic society which breeds managers may restrain young leaders who need mentor and emotional interchan ge to develop. But Raelin (2004) argued that managers are non excluded from leadership. He says there is a potential for leadership to emerge from any individual under the right sets of circumstances.I would argue from my personal experience that managers back end buoy be leaders and vice versa depending on individual capabilities, skills and adapting change, as in Lloyds banking Group (LBG) we have managers as our team leaders and are quite no-hit in switching their roles and understanding the responsibilities of two managers and leaders. The concept was that as managers have some formal authority to influence strung-outs demeanor they can easily call for the role of leadership.However, just because the authority was there, it did not mean that subordinates will willingly assent to its use. There had been issues initially when they find it hard to switch over and smelling from leaders point of view, which caused problems in bonding with employees and lack of motivation.Thi s resulted in getting all the managers trained on leadership programmes and understanding the necessitate or requirements of employees from their leaders. This was again based on how individual managers reacted to situations where they were able to keep their managerial ego aside and think as a team. Some of the managers were very good at switching over and thinking from a team perspective whereas some struggled.Overall we can argue that Zaleznik argument regarding management and leadership requires divers(prenominal) types of pack can be true, if an individual cannot cope with the changing organisation requirements. But in LBG we have seen that managers successfully play leaders role and vice versa to nevertheless cost or to adapt change and thus falsify Zalezniks argument.But as Rollinson and Broadfield (2002) often focus on managers can be leaders, this is not an fatal state of affairs. Even though it is widely assumed that leadership can be taught to anybody, it is probabl y far more realistic to regard management and leadership as two complementary activities (Kotter, 1988), each one having its own unique functions.MotivationQuality work being top priority in organisations all over world as the use of contingent workers is on the rise. Managing k at one timeledge workers continues to perplex experienced managers across divergent industries. And globalization and the challenges of managing across borders are now the norm instead of the exception. These changes can have a profound influence on how companies attempt to attract, retain, and motivate their employees (Steers et al., 2004)Motivation, in contrast, results when the person believes that engaging in the demeanor will result in some desired experience or outcome. Motivation is and so differentiated into intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (Herzberg et al., 1957) inseparable Motivation is where people may be motivated by the relationship between the worker and the task. It takes place when people feel that the work they do is interesting, challenge and have opportunities for advancement and growth.Extrinsic Motivation takes place when people may be motivated by factors in the external environment such as acquit, supervision, benefits, and job perksThe process of motivation is broadly based on a number of motivational theories. In this paper we will asses few motivational theories (Appendix 2) and asses these theories to discover what motivates people.Instrumental Theory Initially in the second half of 19th century a concept of Instrumental Theory stated that people work only for money. Motivation using this approach is exclusively based on system of external control and fails to recognise a number of other human needs (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005).Maslow Needs Theory The basic of this theory is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and disequilibrium. Maslow (1954) formulated the concept of hierarchy of needs and believed that reasons people g o to work changes. It starts from the fundamental physiological needs and leads through safety, social and esteems needs to the need for self-fulfilment. He believed that only an unsatisfied need can motivate behaviour and the dominant need is the prime motivator of behaviour.Herzbergs Two-Factor Model (Motivation-Hygiene) Herzbergs (1957) theory sates that the factors giving rise to job satisfaction are distinct from the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. His search led him to conclude that hygiene factors such as fall in, status, security, company policies and administration were rarely high motivators. People tend to take fringe benefits and good working conditions for granted, but when they are removed they had a highly demotivating effect. A salary increase had a short-term motivating effect when it was felt to be deserved, objet dart what was felt to be an unfair salary was a long-lasting demotivator.Overall all these theories adopt a psychologically universal view, which assumes that everyone has a common set of needs and conveys the impression that people are predictable in terms of what motivates them. Moreover all these theories mostly ignore the crucial issue of individual differences and as well to the potentially powerful effects of different national and organisational cultures as factors that can shape human needs (Bagher, 2010).In a work environment, it is sometimes viewed as the difference between what people can do and what they will do. In the practical workplace LBG uses various motivation models one of the highly used motivational models is maintain and Challenge Principles Model.Support and Challenge Principles Model (Sheppard Moscow, 1980) This model suggests that to achieve working relationship requires a balance of assume and agreed supportive and dispute behaviours. The two axes of support and challenge when put together create four potential workplace environments as shown in fig belowHighSupportComfortable highS perf ormance performanceU environment environmentPPORT apathetic disagreeableperformance performanceenvironment environmentCHALLENGE High ChallengeTo get the most from your working relationships, it is important to agree how best to work together to maximise performance and minimise tension. One way of thinking about this is to think of in the terms of developing a way of working that is both challenging and supportive. The list of behaviours in each of the categories is detailed in Appendix 3.Different roles and situations will use different mixes of these two categories and depending upon the situation, the same individual can find any of these conditions or characteristics supporting or challenging. If the workplace situation remains very comfortable or alphabetic for a long time, whence additional challenges will stimulate the move towards high performance.On the other hand if the workplace situation remains very stressful for too long, then support to help manage the implications is highly effective. Though, there will be times when short periods of high challenges or high support are appropriate e.g. at the end of a particular busy period, comfort is a reward and high challenges can be very stimulating and energising in short bursts (LBG, 2011).Managements main interest in motivation is in the prospects it offers for bringing employee behaviour under tight control. Thus what interest managers most is not the process of motivation but employee behaviour. However we can hardly blame managers for believing that motivation theory offers this opportunity, because content and process theories both imply that if we know o persons needs, the person can be motivated (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005).Thus from the above we have seen different aspects of motivation and it energy appear that there is an element of contradiction in what they say. Content theories deal with the needs that give rise to motivated behaviour, but perhaps oversimplify matters because they tend to portray human beings as having a homogeneous set of needs. Nevertheless, as long as due allowance is made for individual differences, this does not detract from their potential usefulness. Process theories have a different emphasis they seek to explain the dynamics of the motivation process and so much greater account is taken of individual differences (Bagher, 2010).LeadershipHistorically, leadership has been conceived approximately a single individual in a specialised role, the relationship of that individual to subordinates or followers, and the individuals actions. There are several major paradigms of leadership (Appendix 4), such as the traits (great man), skills and styles approaches, situational and contingency approaches, charismatic and transformational approaches (Northouse, 2007, p2 Bass, 1990).Action-Centred LeadershipThe action-centred theory of leadership is based on extensive research by John Adairs (1984), which focuses on the group and the needs that leader mus t meet. Adair argues that there are eight functions you must carry out, to meet these needs.These functions can be learned, practised, observed and refined. inception (Bagher, 2010 186)Task need A team leader needs to bring together the group to achieve a task by providing clear instructions and reasons so each constituent must know and understand what is expected of them.Team need Good leaders create groups which function best when they share the sense of purpose on with collaborating work efficiently, effectively, with a sense of pride and responsibility by maintaining or setting new standards.Individual need People or individuals are titty of any team but they have physical and psychological needs like better working conditions, status, opportunities to develop, build confidence and motivation.From this it follows that being effective as a leader is not just a matter of choosing a specific style of behaviour, but arriving at an appropriate balance between the 3 functions. Enc ouraging communication between team members is key to creating a team that will continue to work well when the leader is absent. This resilience is valuable and might be referred to as team sustainability.Leadership PowerThe link between leadership and power is a strong one and many of the theories of leadership can equally be framed as theories of power. Effective leading depends on relying on different power bases at different times as per need. At its simplest, the way you wield power to get compliance can be appropriate or inappropriate. Appropriate use of power can be depict as influence, while inappropriate use can be described as bullying.Source French and Raven (1960)ReferencesArmstrong, M. and Stephens, T. (2005) Employee Reward Management and Practice, London Kogan rascal Limited.Bagher, M. (2010) Organisational Behaviour a contemporary approach, 2nd Edition, Harlow Pearson.Bass, B., Bass, B. and Stogdill, R. (1990) Bass Stogdills Handbook of Leadership, newborn York Simon Schuster.Burgoyne, J. (1989) Management Development Context and Strategies, Aldershot Gower.Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. (1957) The Motivation to Work, raw York WileyHughes, R., Ginnett, R. and Curphy, G. (2009) Leadership, 6th ed., Boston, MA McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Kotter, J. (1988) The Leadership Factor, New York Free Press.Kotter, J. P. (1996) Leading Change, Boston, MA Harvard Business School Press.Kurtzman, J. (2010) Common Purpose How Great Leaders Get Organizations to Achieve the Extraordinary, San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Maslow, A. (1954) Motivation and Personality, New York Harper Row.Raelin, J. A. (2004) Dont bother putting leadership into people, honorary society of Management Executive, 18(3) 12-28.Rollinson, D. and Broadfield, A. (2002) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis An Integrated Approach, Harlow FT Prentice Hall.Steers, R., Mowday, R. and Shapiro, D. (2004) The Future of Work Motivation Theory, Academy of Management Review, 29(3) 379-387.Yu kl, G. (2005) Leadership in Organizations, Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall.Zaleznik, A. (1977) Managers and Leaders are they different?, Harvard Business Review, (May/June) 55(3) 67-77.French, J. P. R., and Raven, B. (1960) The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright and A. Zander (eds.), Group dynamics (pp. 607-623), New York Harper and Row.Appendix 1A Comparison of Management and Leadership Competencies.Source Northouse, 2007, p. 10.Appendix 2Summary of Motivation Theories and their practical implicationsTheory theoristSummary of theoryPractical implicationsInstrumentalityTaylorPeople will be motivated to work if rewards and penalties are tied directly to their performance.Conceptual basis of incentives and pay for performance schemes.NeedsMaslowUnsatisfied needs create tension and disequilibrium. To restore the balance a goal is identified which will satisfy the need, and a behaviour pathway is selected which will lead to the achievement of the goal. Only unsatisfied needs m otivate.Identifies a number of key needs for consideration in developing full reward policies.Two-FactorHerzbergThe factors giving rise to job satisfaction (and motivation) are distinct from the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. Any feeling of satisfaction resulting from pay increase is promising to be short-lived compared with the long-lasting satisfaction from the work itself. Makes a distinction between intrinsic motivation arising from the work itself and extrinsic motivation provided by employer, e.g. pay.A useful distinction is made between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation which influences total reward decisions. The limited motivational effects of pay increases are price remembering when considering the part contingent pay can play in motivating people.ExpectancyVroomMotivation is likely only when a clear perceived and usable relationship exists between performance and outcome and the outcome is seen as a means of satisfying needs.Provides the foundation for good practice in the design and management of contingent pay. The basis for the concept of the line of sight which emphasises the importance of establishing a clear link between the reward and what has to be through with(p) to achieve it.GoalLatham and LockeMotivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals, when the goals are difficult but accepted and when there is feedback on performance.Provides a theoretical underpinning for performance management processes to ensure that they contribute to motivation through goal setting and feedback.EquityAdamsPeople will be better motivated if they are treated equitably and de-motivated if they are treated inequitably.Emphasis the need to develop an equitable reward system involving the use of job evaluation.Source (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005)Definitions of key Job DimensionsJob Dimensions DefinitionWork Satisfaction The extent to which an employee is satisfied with work, including opportunities for creativity and ta sk variety, allowing an individual to increase his or her knowledge, changes in responsibility, heart and soul of work, security, and job enrichment (Balzer and metalworker et al, 1990 Smith et al, 1969)Pay Satisfaction The extent to which an employee forms an attitude toward pay based on perceived difference between actual pay and the expected pay. Expected pay is based on the value of perceived inputs and outputs of the job and the pay of other employees holding similar jobs or possessing similar qualifications (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990)Supervision Satisfaction The extent to which an employee is satisfied with his or supervision, as measured by consideration and employee-centred actions of the supervisor and the perceived competency of the supervisor by the subordinate (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al, 1957)Satisfaction with promotions The degree to which an employee is satisfied with the Companys promotion policy, including frequency of promotions, and the desir ability of promotions (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al 1957)Co-workers Satisfaction The work-related interaction and the mutual liking or astonishment of fellow employees (Bazler and Smith et al, 1990, Smith et al, 1969, Alderfer, 1969)Overall Job Satisfaction The extent to which an individuals desires, expectations and needs are fulfilled by employment (Szilagi, Sims, and Terrill, 1977)Appendix 3WHEN keepEXPLORE IdeasBuild on STRENGTHSOffer HELP and guidanceAsk OPEN questionsLISTEN activelyGive PRAISEDISCLOSE similar experiences assertion intentionsWHEN CHALLENGINGAsk PROBING questionsPoint out AVOIDANCE behaviourOffer ALTERNATIVE opinionsTell people what you EXPECTShare FEELINGSState COSEQUENCES square off STRETCHING targetsASSERT your viewsHaving Things LikeResourcesTimeFundingDirectionGuidanceAssistanceIdeasTools or MethodsWilling collaboratorsA climate of openness and honesty stimulated supportHaving Things LikeConfronting feedback from othersNew opportunitiesUnf amiliar groundsDoing things in a different wayWorking with fresh peopleLearning new behavioursNew tools or processesDemanding stakeholdersHigh work volumesTight timescalesPersonal ambition

Gambling Addiction Literature Review

play Addiction Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 knowledgeabilityThis chapter coers a review of past literatures pertaining to the topic under study. As an opening, it brings in the limelight the backbone of swordplay. Several definitions about fun and the rationale behind atomic total 18 put forward as described by several authors. Following this, the different types of play activities adopted by the university students are highlighted namely poker, sports remunerationring and lotteries for example. Furthermore, gamblers response towards the sport activities and their problems are reviewed and contrasted.2.2 What is frolic?Gambling is the wagering of money or something of material value ( obturateics) on an charget with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning extra money or goods. Three key elements in shimmer are Consideration, Chance and Prize (I. N. Rose, 2013).McGill university review refers gambling as any game or activity in which you may risk money or a valuable object in order to win money.The elements present in gambling are firstly that one needs to realize that by gambling, something valuable is being put at risk, secondly the outcome of the game is determined by chance and finally at once a bet is made it is irreversible.2.3 History of gamblingGambling is one of mankinds oldest doings as indicated by writings and equipments arrange in tombs and other places. The entrapation of gambling is considered to be divinatory by emitting marked sticks and other objects and inferring the upshot, man sought the under standpointing of time to come and the aims of gods.Anthropologists substantiate besides pointed to the fact that gambling is more rampant in societies where there is an extensive belief in gods and spirits whose compassion may be sought. With the advent of legal gambling houses in the 17th century, mathematicians came to a decision to take a serious awareness in games of randomizing equipment, such as cube and cards, out of which grew the field of probability theory.Organised approved sports bet dates back to the late 18th century where there was a swing in the authorized stance towards gambling, from considering it to a sin to considering it to a vice and a human weakness and lastly to seeing it as a mostly harmless and even entertaining activity.By the start of the 21th century approximately four out of five quite a little in western nations gambled at least every week.2.4 Who is a gambler?A person who wagers money on the outcome of games or sporting events sack up be categorized as a gambler. Gamblers can figure gambling houses, or through any other facility, to place their bets and hope for a win. in that respect are three common types of gambler the social gambler, the passe-partout gambler and the problem gambler. The professional gamblers are the rarest carcass of gambler and do not depend on luck but much more of games of skills to agree an earning. They hav e full control everyplace the money, time and energy they are spending on the game. The social gambler considers gambling to be a amateur activity and they maintain control of their betting, the energy and the time they spend on the game. They consider their betting to be a price to be paid for entertainment. riddle gambler involves the continuous involvement in gambling despite negative consequences and this can lead to other health and social problems.2.5 Gambling across the testicle2.5.1 Gambling ageThe gambling age across the globe varies greatly. In some countries and areas gambling is proscribed altogether, in others gambling is only authorized for foreigners. In some areas, everyone is allowed to play but the betting age requirement is not the same for citizens as for foreigners. An example of such a country is Portugal where foreigners are allowed to danger in all casinos at the age of 18, while citizens need to be 21 or 25 depending on the gaming house.The most familiar gambling age across the sphere is 18 years and more than 50% of western countries have this gambling age. There are nonetheless abundance of examples of countries that have a superior limit, such as Greece and Ger some(prenominal). Germany is a good model of how thorny the question of gambling age really is as Germany, only standardized in the USA, has different ages in different states within the nation. Most German states require you to be 18 years old, but some have dictated the age constraint at 21 years instead.Generally speaking, one can see a trend of countries and states lowering the gambling age from the once dominating gambling age of 21 year to just 18 years. This trend has been going for quite some time and across large split of the world.2.5.2 Top of the worldCertain countries are, as a whole, hot ongambling. Measured in terms of loss per capita of expectants, the two top nations containing the maximum loss stand head and shoulders above the world. Those two infam ous gambling Meccas are Australia and Singapore (American Gaming Association, 2006).The top five countries as to gambling losses per capita of the adult population comprise Australia, Singapore, Ireland, Canada and Finland. The average net yearly per adult expenditure on gambling for these nations runs from $1,275 down to $540 (American Gaming Association, 2006).2.6 Gambling in MauritiusIt was recently tell that the Council of Ministers in Mauritius endorsed the resolution that bookmakers operating out of the Champ de Mars racecourse are now permitted to work only on Fridays and Saturdays. Till now they were allowed to take bets upon publication of the official program of races on Thursdays. The raison dtre set for this decision is that it will smooth the progress of condensing the influence of gambling on the Mauritians.Gambling has become part of the foundation of the Mauritian society over the years. This takes account of casino gambling, online gambling, horse race betting and the loterie verte. Althoughhorse racingis still a popular betting sport, the Lotto, since its preface on the 7th of November 2009 as the novel national lottery, has exceeded it in standing. We just have to pay attention to the radio for a few proceedings or take a glimpse at the billboards when driving on the public road to get to know about the jackpot for the coming draw. There are more than 500 counters across the island in supermarkets, petrol pumps, and shops facilitating customers to play the Lotto. Around 12 scratch cards have also been pioneered giving people the prospect of winning instant money. When people primarily used to place their hard-earned money on horses, now they are being ensnared into wasting it on the Lotto. A considerable number of people are already conquered by the jackpot fever, spending more than usual when the jackpot gets bigger.2.7 Types of gamblingGambling is a vast world which compromises of many branches from which people try their luck in the ho pe to make more money or just for the thrill of the game. In Mauritius you can easily find casinos, gaming houses (which is smaller than a casino but offers the same service for middle class players) and shops where you gamble. Some of the available forms of gambling present on the island are2.7.1 The lottery. The lottery verte and the Lotto are the most common and most useful types of gambling for the government in Mauritius. The Lottery verte is a monthly lottery where you have to buy the tickets at a retailer, which can be found everywhere, and you just have to wait for the end of the month to collapse your results and see if you have won. The prices of the tickets are Rs10 each and you are eligible to win prices ranging from Rs 100000 to Rs 10 million. On the other hand you have the Lotto which colonised itself in Mauritius more recently and now its the new craze for Mauritian. The idea is that you have to select 6 numbers out of 40 (each number can be selected only once) and then you just have to go to any supermarkets or retailer to validate your 6 numbers. Each ticket woo Rs20 and you can play as much ticket you want. The lottotech, the company which runs the lotto, makes a public draw, on air, on the national channel every Saturday. The lotto is a lottery where you have a cumulative jackpot, that is if no one wins the jackpot this week then the other week they will add this to a new jackpot thus every time you have the chance of winning a bigger one if you lose, and this jackpot starts at Rs5 million and can go up to Rs70 million (biggest jackpot won till now).2.7.2 Horse racing. Horse racing is anchored in our society for ages and it forms part present tense in our cultural and historical heritage. It was introduced in Mauritius by the English before the independence and it is still going strong. In the beginning horse racing was more for fame and social status than for reservation money and gambling. Latter to make the horse industry run and t hrive, the board introduced betting on the horse racing and this was also a good opportunity for government to get tax money. Horse racing is a huge event in Mauritius, every Saturday and on some special occasions on Sundays we have horse racing at the Champ de Mars which is the race tracks found in the capital Port Louis. Nowadays in every verdant and urban area you can find bookmakers who will take your bets on the horses as from Friday and on racing days you have a huge pack who converge to the Champ de Mars for the fun and in the hope of making money.2.7.3 Casino. A casino is a facility which accommodates certain types of gambling activities such as slot machines, poker, blackjack, big or small, van lak, dice and roulette for example. Casinos are situated at strategical areas to lure more and more clients, such strategic areas might be near hotels, touristic attractions, or even a city or town which is well frequented by many people. In Mauritius you have many casinos or gam ing houses, which are smaller casinos but still well frequented by the people, found in the urban areas such as Rose-Hill, Vacoas, Port-Louis and some touristic places such as Grand Baie. Most games played have mathematically-determinedoddsthat ensure the house has at all times an overall advantage over the players. This can be expressed more precisely by the notion ofexpected value, which is uniformly negative (from the players perspective). This advantage is called thehouse edge. This is why there is an adage the house always wins for the casinos. In Mauritius nowadays we can witness more and more casinos being offered a patent and opening their doors to the public. The government knows that this is a prolific market and if they can make gambling accessible to more tourists and people it will surely be an advantage to them since the casinos have to pay a huge tax and money to get their patent. We can see that several tournaments are being organized in Mauritius, such as the World Poker Tour National Mauritius, which lures people from all over Africa and the Indian Ocean to come to Mauritius just to play poker. The hotels now when they are advertising the island they also advertise casinos to get more tourists, a new championship and a really good strategy that differs from other hotels as they are targeting more and more high class gambling tourists and which is a very profitable market.2.7.4 Scratch cards. This is the new craze among the Mauritian people. Scratch cards are simple and easily available across the whole island. The rule is simple just buy one and you have to scratch the opaque surface which concealed the information, if you get the required symbols you win, and the most attractive part of it is the opportunity to win today as compared to lottery where you have to wait for the draw and the prices at which they are sold and the prizes that you can get from it. Cards can range from Rs20 to Rs100 and prizes may digress from Rs200 000 to Rs1 mil lion. The scratch cards are supervised by the Lottotech the same company which manage the Lotto in Mauritius.2.7.5 Online gambling. at large(p), availability, and affordable are the words usually associated with online gambling. Easy to log in on some betting turn ups, no account needs to be created and no fees to be paid. Availability because of the fact that it is all over the internet, you do not have to look far to find online gambling sites. Banner ads and pop-ups can be found on mostly every site which has a high level of traffic by people. It is affordable since some sites just let you bet for free and if you win then you have to silver in to be able to play, some allows you to choose how many you want to bet and give you bide odds according to what is happening which cannot be found elsewhere. Online gambling targets most of the time teenagers, this is a strategy called grooming whereby they make the teenagers feel acquainted with the attractiveness of the game so that w hen he becomes older he will still be a potential income earner and a player.2.8 Gambling among university studentsGambling is omnipresent among university students as demonstrated through researches. The vast bulk of students gamble without experiencing ill effects, yet almost 8% of university students may build up a gambling problem (Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R. (2007). Gambling was once an acceptable form of entertainment on campuses but with the new laws, it is now forbidden to participate in any kind of gambling activities, but still it can be found everywhere. However, the warning signs of developing a gambling problem are not brought forward, as is seen with other potentially addictive behaviors, such as dose use and alcohol consumption. With the swell in gambling venues, social recognition of gambling, and access to extensive and inexpensive means of gambling, it is not astounding that studies have found high rates of gambling linked adverse problems among college student s.2.9 Problem gamblingProblem gambling or ludomania is an urge to continuously gamble despite ill negative consequences or a desire to stop. The prevalence of problem gambling has been evaluated at 7.8% among university students which is considerably high than the roughly 5% rate found among the superior general population (Blinn, Pike, Worthy, Jonkman, 2006). Students facing problem gambling illustrate many signs including isolating behavior, lowered academic performance, poor impulse control and displaying extreme overconfidence, and participating in other high risk behaviors such as bringing on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use and risky sexual behavior (LaBrie, etal, 2003), (Goodie, A.S, 2005). Environmental factors also contribute to problem gambling. The surroundings of a student are a key factor in determining whether he is prone to problem gambling. If the students live in an area where gambling opportunities and social normative beliefs that are supportive of gambling ac tivities are available, this increases the likelihood of gambling participation and of development of a gambling problem. Staffs that are conscious of environmental conditions that may contribute to problem gambling can develop policies to help these students (Wehner,M. 2007).2.9.1 Gambling Addiction and Problem GamblingWhether you wage on scratch cards, sports, poker, roulette, or slots, in a casino or online, problem gambling can sprain relationships, impede with work, and escort to fiscal cataclysm. You may even do things you never contemplate you would, like stealing money to gamble or reimburse your debts. You may believe you cant stop but, with the right help, you can triumph over a gambling problem or compulsion and reclaim control of your life. The first step is recognizing and acknowledging the problem. Gambling dependence is occasionally referred to as the hidden illness because there are no apparent substantial signs or symptoms like there are in drug or alcohol addiction . Problem gamblers on average refute or minimize the problem. They also go to great lengths to bury their gambling habits. For example, problem gamblers on a regular basis depart from their loved ones, sneak around, and lie about where theyve been and what theyve been up to (Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Melinda Smith, M.A., and Lawrence Robinson, 2013).

The Rogerian approach to therapy has severe limitations

The Rogerian court to therapy has severe limitationsCarl Rogers (1902-1987) was a major force for psychology in the twentieth century. His hypothesis on node centred therapy is still used today in mainstream counselling though now it is more widely known as person centred.To whether customer centred therapy is supportive rather than reconstructive, Rogers work focused on phenomenology and his three core conditions to a working kin Unconditional unconditional Regard, Empathy and Congruence. I will explore which aspects atomic number 18 supportive and which are reconstructive and whether there are any limitations to this approach.Rogers believed that every 1 has the ability to change for the better and they hold all the answers within them flush if they do not know it yet. His theory was found around three core conditions that the healer should abide by in order to dish the lymph node conduct at ease, feel confident in themselves and develop their own answers. These core conditions are Empathy, Congruence and Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR). This quiz will look at Rogers theory on invitee-centred therapy Phenomenology and the three core conditions. The essay will also evaluate whether there are any limitations to Rogerian theory due to it being supportive rather than reconstructive.In 1928, Carl Rogers went take away to Rochester, NY where he took his first job at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children where he worked basically as a child clinical psychologist until 1938.In 1936 Rogers became interested in the Rankian approach to therapy after attending a series of Otto Ranks lectures. Rogers always stated that Rankian influenced the decide that person centered counseling took, especially its emphasis on the positive characteristics of the individual, the quality of the therapeutic relationship, and a focus on responding to contacts.I became infected with Rankian ideas. (Kramer cited in www.ottorank.com)When Roger s was at Rochester he worked with a mother whose son was displaying behavioural problems. Dryden (2007) wrote that Rogers saw the blood line of the problem as the mothers rejection of her son as a baby. Rogers could not sterilize the mother to fulfill this and was nigh to give up when she asked for adult counselling for her egotism. This shift in focus served as a catalyst for her to speak close all her problems she was experiencing. Rogers found this case a turning point in what therapy should be about the leaf node (Rogers 1939).It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to render my own cleverness and learning, I would be better to rely upon the leaf node for the direction of movement in the influence. (Dryden 2007145)Around the time of Rogers, theorists such as oddish (1950) saw counselling as a relationship, which encourages growth in both and therapist and the lymph node. Smith (1955) defined counselling as therapist led in that they would assist the client i n interpreting their problems and thoughts (cited in Chadra Gupta 1989187)In 1951 Rogers published Client-Centred Therapy which established him highly in the psychotherapeutic community. Rogers claimed that behavioural therapists were preventing their clients from self-actualizing and discovering their own solutions.Carl Rogers (1951) developed his client-orientated approach to meet the demand of personal freedom (Chadra Gupta 1989187) in that it seats the client at the centre of the process with the therapist just walking alongside. Rogers work was ground on the flavor that the client know what is best for themselves rather than followers of psychoanalysis and behavioural theories which sees the therapist interpreting the problem and what is solution is. Rogers try to influence clients feel unique, he needed to understand how the client felt and reflected their statements back to them. Rogers (1951) saw the purpose of counselling being a more broadly based structure of self, an inclusion of a greater projection of experience as a part of self and a more comfortable and realistic change to life. (Chadra Gupta 198911)Rogers tended to distance himself from already established theories as he felt that it attempted to fit the client into a mould rather than seeing the client as they are. He found because that he could devote his energy instead to relating deeply to his clients and discovering with them what worked. (Thorne 200324)Rogers had an understanding that a person was not just made up of ID and Ego (Freudian theory) moreover was also a product of his or her surroundings, family and values. He saw a persons behaviour as subjective to himself or herself.To Rogers, the equality betwixt the client and therapist was integral to a rubicund and positive therapeutic relationship. Rogers felt that if the therapist were to be seen as the expert it would throw the relationship off balance, as it is the client who is the one with all the answers, not the t herapist.The issue of power is central to his understanding of the therapeutic relationship. (Thorne 200325)The subjective experience of the client is key to Rogers client centred approach and if the therapist is the one with the power then the client whitethorn feel no validity in their own thoughts and self understanding. Hence, the therapeutic relationship breaks down and the client will never strive success in finding his or her own answers (i.e. Conditional Regard of what the therapist wants).Rogers therapy is supportive in that the therapist accompanies the client on their journey whilst displaying UPR, congruence and empathy merely it is also reconstructive as it enables the client to make the right changes for themselves without any judgement of the therapist. The therapist should be a facilitator not an authorative expert. In my opinion, Rogers seeing the clients as client and not patients is what sets aside this form of working from the doctor-patient medical model. Roge rs way of working promote therapy o be a process about the individual and their needs, not a diagnostic tool which is generic to every patients symptoms.The process is the key factor. (Dryden 2007186)Phenomenology holds the belief that all humans behave in response and accordance of their own subjective understanding and awareness of where we are in the world.The therapists function is to supporter the client in the exploration and discovery of his or her own inner resources. (Thorne 200325)Central to Rogers phenomenological theory is optimism and that a human has a basic optimistic view and if support in finding an understanding in their subjective world, then the client would start to engage in behaviours and thoughts that were positive.This concept became known as The Actualising inclining.Carl Rogers believed that there was one motivational force that determined the development of the human being. He called this the Actualising Tendency. (Mearns Thorne 200812)In Rogers unders tanding and anthropological research he found that humans, in nature, have an natural desire to move towards progress, positiviness and their potential. Like a flower sown in rough soil surrounded by darkness and poisons, it will strive towards even a glimmer of light in order to survive and grow. Rogers saw throngs behaviour as no different. Rogers continued this simile by explaining that the rougher and poorer soil (i.e. the surround someone is in), the more water and nourishment theyll need. The harder a persons situation and circumstances, the more support they will need to find and grow towards their Actualising Tendency. Depending on the person, this process dirty dog be slow and sometimes even stop depending on their self-perception or other parts of them, which merchant ship be, more resistant to change or self-realisation. The compassionate Organism itself manifests this tendency and has infinite inner resources.For Rogers the tendency to actualise the self is essenti ally a subsystem of the Actualising tendency. (Thorne 200327)This supportive element of Rogers worth explored questions such as How does it feel and What it be like toknown as Spotlighting.Although Rogers is directing the conversion, the client is still recognising their own behaviours and coming to their own conclusions about any changes that need to be use self-actualizing. This is reconstructive an example of this would be weight lossWithin the framework of the Self Actualizing Tendency Rogers believed that humans have enormous resources for successful living and to achieve a happy and fulfilled life. Rogers believed that your body knows what it wants and needs and when it is full you just need to comprehend to it. The body and mind are connected together with Phenomenology. To the client food may represent more than food, it may represent comfort, acceptance and stress relief and the natural relationship is changed. This can also happen when people starve themselves or diet un healthily to be an acceptable size by size 0 ordering norms. When people are pregnant they tend to listen less to society and more to their body and less to society and previous conditioned values i.e. I top executive be getting bigger but my baby needs me to eat more. Rogers supported in clients in olfactory sensation open enough to talk about their relationship with food and would help them strip down back the onion layers i.e. you overeat due to stress, lets address the feelings of stress first. The client then can rebalance their emotional need without eating to feel normal.Through Empathy, UPR and Congruence, the client begins the process of self-actualizing without any limitations imposed from the therapist.This is when the therapist reflects what they key issues that need to be addressed. Although this seems to conflict with Rogers belief that the client finds their own answers, once the key issues are spotlighted, the client then decides what they want to focus on, even if the therapist sees the answers lying elsewhere.Fully Functioning (Rogers 1963) people are as Rogers described are psychologically healthy persons who have been fortunate enough to be surrounded by others whose acceptance and approval have enabled them for at least some of the time to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences. (Mearns Thorne 200815)Fully Functioning clients have trust in the organismic valuing process and feel confident. Others who are not fully functioning are those who have faced or continue to face negativity, conditional positive regard and judgement.The key to Rogers client centred approach was the concept of self worth. Rogers identified that when we are born(p) we have a tendency towards actualisation. This gets cloudy the older we get, once we inherit parental values, different environments and conditions of worth, reward and our need for positive regard increases.We require at some level and in some way, however minimal, to feel good abou t ourselves and if this need is not met it is difficult to function in the world. (Thorne 2003Rogers theory of self was based on the principle that if we are raised in a supportive and positive environment where we receive positive reinforcement for who are and want to do, then we trust in own abilities and our thoughts and feelings in order to make the correct decisions in line with our perception of the world. If however, we are raised in an environment filled with conditions of worth such as If you do x then you will be good or Mummy will love you if, then our need for positive regard in dependant on other people. We will grow up only recognising achievements depending on values and responses of others rather than feeling fulfilled in whom we are and the life we lead we are only hooked on ourselves.Psychological disturbances will be perpetuated if an individual continues to be dependent to a high degree on the judgement of others for a sense of self worth. (Mearns Thorne 200815 3)Rogers believed that this dissonance between our innate need for approval and our inner self-wisdom is the root cause of much inner disturbance and lack of self-confidence to make positive decisions on our own, for ourselves. Rogers saw this as a lack of self-trust in the organismic valuing process. If people are not raised in a supportive environment where they are listened to and valued then the supportive environment of Rogerian therapy might be their first experience of feeling valued. Rogers believed in a mixture of his therapy being supportive as swell as reconstructive and the process should emphasise the thought process with the individual, not for the individual.People cannot only be affected by their inter-personal relationships but also by their social and cultural norms. An example of this affecting a persons Actualizing Tendency is when the media and society portrays a size 0 image as what is the new definition of beautiful. For those that arent that particular size it could make them feel devalued by society and could impact on their esteem and confidence levels. This is turn could affect and superseded their Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) they received from their parents saying they are ok the way they are and leave the person feeling lost and insecure. Rogers highlighted the importance of giving UPR in sessions, empathising with clients and building a good rapport and level of trust. Through this client-focused medium, the client can start working on the issues they feel are negative to them comparing themselves and valuing themselves against the size 0 images in magazines.The therapist aims to create an environment in which the client can be supported to achieve personal growth by reconnecting with their Organismic Valuing Process (how I feel), Self-Actualizing Tendency (what do I need) and their Internal locale of Control (I am worthy).These supportive key elements to Rogers theory highlight the persons need for unconditional positi ve regard, empathy and congruence.The therapist provides a relationship of trust, warmth and UPR that encourages clients to talk about themselves and their feeling. (Heap Aravind 2002186)Empathy by Collins dictionary definition is the power of understanding and imaginatively ingress into another persons feelings. (www.freedictionary.com)Empathy is the therapists ability to understand the clients subjective perceptual world and how they see themselves and the world around them. It is a process. In person centred therapy the counsellor tries to enter the clients frame of reference and walk alongside him in his world. (Mearns Thorne 200869)It is important that the therapist trunk reliable and strong and not get sucked down into the clients world so much that they lose sight of their role in this process. A good analogy of where that boundary is and why is The Well. If a client is stuck at the bottom of a well there is little point the therapist getting down into the well with them t o find out how they are as then they would both be stuck. Instead, the therapist could sit on the edge of the well, talking to the client and empathising that this situation mustiness be hard, lonely etc without being down there and equally stuck. Rogers believed that an empathetic approach required the therapist to be secure within themselves before entering into a clients world the As If factor. This is to state that the therapist should enter to clients world as if they were there, not get lost in it. When this is achieved, there can be movement in the clients self-concept and worth, as the therapist is able to express empathetic responses, which show the client they are being understood.Although each person experiences the world differently, a therapists understanding and appreciation of a persons problems and hardship can be supportive to the client. Rogers believed that empathy could be shown in therapy through good body language, summarising and reflection.Empathy is a conti nuing process whereby the counsellor lays aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experiencing and perceptions of her client. (Mearns Thorne 200867)Communication is key to this core condition. When a client feels accepted, valued and understood it back up feelings of alienation, bareness and desperation. Rogers referred back to these core conditions as integral to person centred counselling therapy.Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) as non-judgemental acceptance of a client and is key to the client feeling safe enough to work through their negative feelings. Rogers believed in peoples honesty when not faced with judgment and rejection the client should be accepted as they are not as they want to be or how the therapist feels they should be. Rogers advocated that the client should be totally accepted with no exceptions. If the therapist accepts you, that is one standard closer to self-acceptance. If the therapist can show UPR regardless of what the client says i.e. I hate my mother and want to kill her and empathise with how they feel, they will be in a relaxed trustworthy environment to open up to what might be underlying these feelings. Rogers believed these core conditions can help the client come to terms with their emotions and in turn, their self-regard will improve. Although this could be seen as facilitating a change I see it as more reconstructive as it can go distant deeper than the presenting need and the therapist might never be aware of where the change is actually happening i.e. being able to talk about hating their mother might spark revelations that can now be accepted i.e. Its not my fault.In practical terms it can be hard for some therapists to let go of the power or lead the client to elicit change.This will lead the client down their own path of self-change and correction of negative behaviours and false statements which is utmost more powerful. Rogers saw that most people acces sing therapy had little UPR in their life and saw this is a root of their problems.Unconditional positive regard is the label minded(p) to the fundamental attitude of the person centred counsellor towards her clientand is not deflected in that valuing by any particular client behaviours. (Mearns Thorne 200895)Rogers believed that this invariable unconditional regard aids the clients process of feeling valued and break down barriers the client might be putting up in order to feel accepted.Unconditional Positive Regard is important as it directly conflicts with the self-defeating cycle. This cycle (Mearns Thorne 200899) promotes a clients condition of worth, which they might have carried around all their life. With the therapist counteracting this, it can aid the client in finding a break through in their negative patterns. These core conditions to Rogerian client-centred therapy are both supportive the UPR, but also reconstructive as the client is the one finding their own answer s, without condition or judgment from the therapist. Yet this can only be achieved with empathy and congruence otherwise it may seem false.Congruence is characterised by the therapist being transparent to the client, not superior to them. It is genuine, authentic and real. The therapist conveys this genuine realness and allows the client to see them as a human being not a doctor hiding behind certificates and metaphorical white coats.Congruence can be displayed verbally thats terrible, I dont understand, please say that again, and non-verbal communication such as facial expressions and body language which reflects, not mimics, the clients.This process of the three core conditions supports the client in feeling relaxed and confident to look at their problems honestly and without judgement though it is reconstructive as the client is the one in the drivers seat making the changes for themselves.From the reading I have done for this essay I feel that the one main limitation to Rogerian theory regarding its supportive nature would be that Rogers non-directive approach to therapy is not consistent as reconstructive as with techniques such as summarising and selective reinforcement, answers and reactions can be shaped. I have found another limitation is Rogers belief in the potential of the fully functioning person, which is not achievable in reality. Although the idea is something to aim forDoes supportive mean it cant be reconstructive? Only the client knows what they need and once they connect with that, only they will know how they feel. The therapist can support them in their journey but it is actually made by the client. Rogation therapy is based on both a supportive and reconstructive stance as the client benefits from the empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard and congruence the therapist gives them but ultimately it is the client who recognises where changes could be beneficial and implicates them.One of the most rewarding moments in a counselling process c omes when a client discovers or re-discovers the reliableness of his organismic valuing process however temporary or partial this may be. (Mearns Thorne 200814)I feel in conclusion that Rogerian therapy can be both supportive and reconstructive and that is the mix of the two, which takes away any major limitations.WORD COUNT 3449

Internet bank failures :: essays research papers

Product failures happen more often than many an(prenominal) people would think. The failure can result from many elements of a products campaign such as the introduction to a stale market, missing the target through improper ad campaigns, and most importantly, not modifying a products idea to appeal to a foreign market. Web banks, also kn admit as internet-based banks, are one such example where the success that originated in the United States was not transferred to europium. Instead, failure occurred because of three main reasons the money plant, the lack of access points, internet fraud, and lack of unity among neighboring countries.      Banking in Europe before the introduction of wind vane banks was very basic. People were drawn to the personal attention they received from the guest service staff, the multiple access points such as ATMs and local anesthetic branches, and the ability to use new technology such as the internet to check balances and transf er funds. The banking structure was very similar across borders of countries and was what people were utilise to since the evolution of banking. People trusted their banks and showed a great deal of brand loyalty, an important factor that was overlooked when introducing web banks in Europe.      Web Banks very quick turned into a large failure for many companies across Europe. The initial concept of web banks was that they would provide many services to you in the comfort of your own home, often at far lower rates than traditional banks. While many traditional banks such as Vontobel Holding AG have many requirements to hold accounts with them such as a minimum balance charge and low interest rates, web banks main concept was to offer banking for free with no balance requirements, multiple loan opportunities, and the tracking of many separate accounts under one umbrella. Realization soon came that most banks were built on the personal customer service that it pr ovided and the money that kept the bank afloat was the money earned off loan interest and account charges. This left many bankers in Europe to second guess the new web banks. "It would have been hard for us to establish full relationships with new customers, and we couldnt really see where the revenue was going to interject from." With no solid revenue stream and no personal attention, a cornerstone for banking success, it is any wonder that the proposed web banks even were invested in.

John Steinbeck: A Common Mans Man :: essays research papers fc

John Steinbeck A Common Mans Man"I never wrote two books alike", once said John Steinbeck (Shaw, 10). Thatmay be true, but I think that he wrote many of his novels and short storiesbased on many of the same views. He often focused on social problems, like the haves verses the "have nots", and made the reader want to encourage theunderdog. Steinbecks back base and concern for the common man made him one ofthe best writers for human rights.John Steinbeck was born in Salians, California and spent most of his life at that place or around Salians, because of that he often modeled his stories and thecharacters around the land he loved and the experiences he encountered. Helived in Salians until 1919, when he left for Stanford University, he onlyenrolled in the courses that pleased him - literature, creative writing andmajoring in Marine Biology. He left in 1925, without a degree. Even though hedidnt receive his books showed the results of his five years spent there. Hisb ooks display a considerable reading of the Greek and Roman historians, and themedieval and Renaissance fabalists and the biological sciences (Shaw 11). Hethen locomote to New York and tried his hand as a construction worker and as areporter for the American. (Covici , xxxv). Steinbeck then moved back toCalifornia and lived with his married woman at Pacific Grove. In 1934, he wrote for theSan Franciso News, he was assigned to write several articles about the 3,000migrants flooded in at Kings County. The plight of the migrant workers makehim to help and document their struggle. The money he earned from the newspaperallowed him to travel to their home and see why their reason for leaving andtraveled to California with them, share-out in with their hardships (Steinbeck,127). Because John Steinbeck was able to travel with the Okies, he was able toaccurately portray them and their struggles.Each book that he wrote had settings in the places where he has eitherlived or wanted to live. He presented the land as it was. The characters in hisstories experienced floods, drought, and other natural disasters, while in theSalians Valley (Shaw, 5).What Steinbeck wrote was very factual and in depth. He exhibited hisawareness of man and his surroundings, in his early books, before people ate, apig had to be slaughtered, and often that and before they ate, it had to becooked. Also when a automobile broke down, the characters had to find parts, and fixed