Gambling Addiction Literature Review

play Addiction Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 knowledgeabilityThis chapter coers a review of past literatures pertaining to the topic under study. As an opening, it brings in the limelight the backbone of swordplay. Several definitions about fun and the rationale behind atomic total 18 put forward as described by several authors. Following this, the different types of play activities adopted by the university students are highlighted namely poker, sports remunerationring and lotteries for example. Furthermore, gamblers response towards the sport activities and their problems are reviewed and contrasted.2.2 What is frolic?Gambling is the wagering of money or something of material value ( obturateics) on an charget with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning extra money or goods. Three key elements in shimmer are Consideration, Chance and Prize (I. N. Rose, 2013).McGill university review refers gambling as any game or activity in which you may risk money or a valuable object in order to win money.The elements present in gambling are firstly that one needs to realize that by gambling, something valuable is being put at risk, secondly the outcome of the game is determined by chance and finally at once a bet is made it is irreversible.2.3 History of gamblingGambling is one of mankinds oldest doings as indicated by writings and equipments arrange in tombs and other places. The entrapation of gambling is considered to be divinatory by emitting marked sticks and other objects and inferring the upshot, man sought the under standpointing of time to come and the aims of gods.Anthropologists substantiate besides pointed to the fact that gambling is more rampant in societies where there is an extensive belief in gods and spirits whose compassion may be sought. With the advent of legal gambling houses in the 17th century, mathematicians came to a decision to take a serious awareness in games of randomizing equipment, such as cube and cards, out of which grew the field of probability theory.Organised approved sports bet dates back to the late 18th century where there was a swing in the authorized stance towards gambling, from considering it to a sin to considering it to a vice and a human weakness and lastly to seeing it as a mostly harmless and even entertaining activity.By the start of the 21th century approximately four out of five quite a little in western nations gambled at least every week.2.4 Who is a gambler?A person who wagers money on the outcome of games or sporting events sack up be categorized as a gambler. Gamblers can figure gambling houses, or through any other facility, to place their bets and hope for a win. in that respect are three common types of gambler the social gambler, the passe-partout gambler and the problem gambler. The professional gamblers are the rarest carcass of gambler and do not depend on luck but much more of games of skills to agree an earning. They hav e full control everyplace the money, time and energy they are spending on the game. The social gambler considers gambling to be a amateur activity and they maintain control of their betting, the energy and the time they spend on the game. They consider their betting to be a price to be paid for entertainment. riddle gambler involves the continuous involvement in gambling despite negative consequences and this can lead to other health and social problems.2.5 Gambling across the testicle2.5.1 Gambling ageThe gambling age across the globe varies greatly. In some countries and areas gambling is proscribed altogether, in others gambling is only authorized for foreigners. In some areas, everyone is allowed to play but the betting age requirement is not the same for citizens as for foreigners. An example of such a country is Portugal where foreigners are allowed to danger in all casinos at the age of 18, while citizens need to be 21 or 25 depending on the gaming house.The most familiar gambling age across the sphere is 18 years and more than 50% of western countries have this gambling age. There are nonetheless abundance of examples of countries that have a superior limit, such as Greece and Ger some(prenominal). Germany is a good model of how thorny the question of gambling age really is as Germany, only standardized in the USA, has different ages in different states within the nation. Most German states require you to be 18 years old, but some have dictated the age constraint at 21 years instead.Generally speaking, one can see a trend of countries and states lowering the gambling age from the once dominating gambling age of 21 year to just 18 years. This trend has been going for quite some time and across large split of the world.2.5.2 Top of the worldCertain countries are, as a whole, hot ongambling. Measured in terms of loss per capita of expectants, the two top nations containing the maximum loss stand head and shoulders above the world. Those two infam ous gambling Meccas are Australia and Singapore (American Gaming Association, 2006).The top five countries as to gambling losses per capita of the adult population comprise Australia, Singapore, Ireland, Canada and Finland. The average net yearly per adult expenditure on gambling for these nations runs from $1,275 down to $540 (American Gaming Association, 2006).2.6 Gambling in MauritiusIt was recently tell that the Council of Ministers in Mauritius endorsed the resolution that bookmakers operating out of the Champ de Mars racecourse are now permitted to work only on Fridays and Saturdays. Till now they were allowed to take bets upon publication of the official program of races on Thursdays. The raison dtre set for this decision is that it will smooth the progress of condensing the influence of gambling on the Mauritians.Gambling has become part of the foundation of the Mauritian society over the years. This takes account of casino gambling, online gambling, horse race betting and the loterie verte. Althoughhorse racingis still a popular betting sport, the Lotto, since its preface on the 7th of November 2009 as the novel national lottery, has exceeded it in standing. We just have to pay attention to the radio for a few proceedings or take a glimpse at the billboards when driving on the public road to get to know about the jackpot for the coming draw. There are more than 500 counters across the island in supermarkets, petrol pumps, and shops facilitating customers to play the Lotto. Around 12 scratch cards have also been pioneered giving people the prospect of winning instant money. When people primarily used to place their hard-earned money on horses, now they are being ensnared into wasting it on the Lotto. A considerable number of people are already conquered by the jackpot fever, spending more than usual when the jackpot gets bigger.2.7 Types of gamblingGambling is a vast world which compromises of many branches from which people try their luck in the ho pe to make more money or just for the thrill of the game. In Mauritius you can easily find casinos, gaming houses (which is smaller than a casino but offers the same service for middle class players) and shops where you gamble. Some of the available forms of gambling present on the island are2.7.1 The lottery. The lottery verte and the Lotto are the most common and most useful types of gambling for the government in Mauritius. The Lottery verte is a monthly lottery where you have to buy the tickets at a retailer, which can be found everywhere, and you just have to wait for the end of the month to collapse your results and see if you have won. The prices of the tickets are Rs10 each and you are eligible to win prices ranging from Rs 100000 to Rs 10 million. On the other hand you have the Lotto which colonised itself in Mauritius more recently and now its the new craze for Mauritian. The idea is that you have to select 6 numbers out of 40 (each number can be selected only once) and then you just have to go to any supermarkets or retailer to validate your 6 numbers. Each ticket woo Rs20 and you can play as much ticket you want. The lottotech, the company which runs the lotto, makes a public draw, on air, on the national channel every Saturday. The lotto is a lottery where you have a cumulative jackpot, that is if no one wins the jackpot this week then the other week they will add this to a new jackpot thus every time you have the chance of winning a bigger one if you lose, and this jackpot starts at Rs5 million and can go up to Rs70 million (biggest jackpot won till now).2.7.2 Horse racing. Horse racing is anchored in our society for ages and it forms part present tense in our cultural and historical heritage. It was introduced in Mauritius by the English before the independence and it is still going strong. In the beginning horse racing was more for fame and social status than for reservation money and gambling. Latter to make the horse industry run and t hrive, the board introduced betting on the horse racing and this was also a good opportunity for government to get tax money. Horse racing is a huge event in Mauritius, every Saturday and on some special occasions on Sundays we have horse racing at the Champ de Mars which is the race tracks found in the capital Port Louis. Nowadays in every verdant and urban area you can find bookmakers who will take your bets on the horses as from Friday and on racing days you have a huge pack who converge to the Champ de Mars for the fun and in the hope of making money.2.7.3 Casino. A casino is a facility which accommodates certain types of gambling activities such as slot machines, poker, blackjack, big or small, van lak, dice and roulette for example. Casinos are situated at strategical areas to lure more and more clients, such strategic areas might be near hotels, touristic attractions, or even a city or town which is well frequented by many people. In Mauritius you have many casinos or gam ing houses, which are smaller casinos but still well frequented by the people, found in the urban areas such as Rose-Hill, Vacoas, Port-Louis and some touristic places such as Grand Baie. Most games played have mathematically-determinedoddsthat ensure the house has at all times an overall advantage over the players. This can be expressed more precisely by the notion ofexpected value, which is uniformly negative (from the players perspective). This advantage is called thehouse edge. This is why there is an adage the house always wins for the casinos. In Mauritius nowadays we can witness more and more casinos being offered a patent and opening their doors to the public. The government knows that this is a prolific market and if they can make gambling accessible to more tourists and people it will surely be an advantage to them since the casinos have to pay a huge tax and money to get their patent. We can see that several tournaments are being organized in Mauritius, such as the World Poker Tour National Mauritius, which lures people from all over Africa and the Indian Ocean to come to Mauritius just to play poker. The hotels now when they are advertising the island they also advertise casinos to get more tourists, a new championship and a really good strategy that differs from other hotels as they are targeting more and more high class gambling tourists and which is a very profitable market.2.7.4 Scratch cards. This is the new craze among the Mauritian people. Scratch cards are simple and easily available across the whole island. The rule is simple just buy one and you have to scratch the opaque surface which concealed the information, if you get the required symbols you win, and the most attractive part of it is the opportunity to win today as compared to lottery where you have to wait for the draw and the prices at which they are sold and the prizes that you can get from it. Cards can range from Rs20 to Rs100 and prizes may digress from Rs200 000 to Rs1 mil lion. The scratch cards are supervised by the Lottotech the same company which manage the Lotto in Mauritius.2.7.5 Online gambling. at large(p), availability, and affordable are the words usually associated with online gambling. Easy to log in on some betting turn ups, no account needs to be created and no fees to be paid. Availability because of the fact that it is all over the internet, you do not have to look far to find online gambling sites. Banner ads and pop-ups can be found on mostly every site which has a high level of traffic by people. It is affordable since some sites just let you bet for free and if you win then you have to silver in to be able to play, some allows you to choose how many you want to bet and give you bide odds according to what is happening which cannot be found elsewhere. Online gambling targets most of the time teenagers, this is a strategy called grooming whereby they make the teenagers feel acquainted with the attractiveness of the game so that w hen he becomes older he will still be a potential income earner and a player.2.8 Gambling among university studentsGambling is omnipresent among university students as demonstrated through researches. The vast bulk of students gamble without experiencing ill effects, yet almost 8% of university students may build up a gambling problem (Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R. (2007). Gambling was once an acceptable form of entertainment on campuses but with the new laws, it is now forbidden to participate in any kind of gambling activities, but still it can be found everywhere. However, the warning signs of developing a gambling problem are not brought forward, as is seen with other potentially addictive behaviors, such as dose use and alcohol consumption. With the swell in gambling venues, social recognition of gambling, and access to extensive and inexpensive means of gambling, it is not astounding that studies have found high rates of gambling linked adverse problems among college student s.2.9 Problem gamblingProblem gambling or ludomania is an urge to continuously gamble despite ill negative consequences or a desire to stop. The prevalence of problem gambling has been evaluated at 7.8% among university students which is considerably high than the roughly 5% rate found among the superior general population (Blinn, Pike, Worthy, Jonkman, 2006). Students facing problem gambling illustrate many signs including isolating behavior, lowered academic performance, poor impulse control and displaying extreme overconfidence, and participating in other high risk behaviors such as bringing on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use and risky sexual behavior (LaBrie, etal, 2003), (Goodie, A.S, 2005). Environmental factors also contribute to problem gambling. The surroundings of a student are a key factor in determining whether he is prone to problem gambling. If the students live in an area where gambling opportunities and social normative beliefs that are supportive of gambling ac tivities are available, this increases the likelihood of gambling participation and of development of a gambling problem. Staffs that are conscious of environmental conditions that may contribute to problem gambling can develop policies to help these students (Wehner,M. 2007).2.9.1 Gambling Addiction and Problem GamblingWhether you wage on scratch cards, sports, poker, roulette, or slots, in a casino or online, problem gambling can sprain relationships, impede with work, and escort to fiscal cataclysm. You may even do things you never contemplate you would, like stealing money to gamble or reimburse your debts. You may believe you cant stop but, with the right help, you can triumph over a gambling problem or compulsion and reclaim control of your life. The first step is recognizing and acknowledging the problem. Gambling dependence is occasionally referred to as the hidden illness because there are no apparent substantial signs or symptoms like there are in drug or alcohol addiction . Problem gamblers on average refute or minimize the problem. They also go to great lengths to bury their gambling habits. For example, problem gamblers on a regular basis depart from their loved ones, sneak around, and lie about where theyve been and what theyve been up to (Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Melinda Smith, M.A., and Lawrence Robinson, 2013).